Deep Dive into Server Memory Architecture: From DRAM Granules to NUMA Modes

Starting from the physical structure of DRAM granules, this article analyzes core concepts including Channel, Rank, Bank, Burst, and Prefetch layer by layer. Combined with the real CPU architectures of Intel Emerald Rapids (EMR) MCC/XCC and Granite Rapids (GNR) XCC, it explores the working principles, performance differences, and tuning recommendations for UMA, NUMA, SNC2/SNC4, Hemisphere, and Quadrant memory clustering modes.

UFM vs OpenSM: Understanding InfiniBand Fabric Management

Both UFM and OpenSM are Subnet Managers for InfiniBand fabrics, but they serve very different purposes. UFM is NVIDIA's comprehensive enterprise fabric management platform, while OpenSM is a lightweight, open-source Subnet Manager implementation.

The Great Interconnect Debate: NVLink, InfiniBand, UALink, and the Quest for AI Supremacy

A comprehensive panoramic view of AI and HPC high-speed interconnect technologies — NVLink, InfiniBand, UALink, and Ultra Ethernet — covering architecture, performance, competition, and complementarity.

kprobe vs kretprobe — Code Deep Dive

The Linux kernel provides several dynamic tracing mechanisms, among which kprobe and kretprobe are the most fundamental and widely used. Both allow injecting callbacks into kernel functions at runtime, but they serve different purposes and trigger at different points in execution.

kprobe: Can insert breakpoints at any probeable kernel address, providing two callback points — pre_handler (before instruction execution) and post_handler (after instruction execution).

kretprobe: Designed specifically for function-level tracing, providing entry_handler (function entry) and handler (function return) callbacks, with a built-in per-instance private data channel.

PyTorch Compiler Technology Deep Dive: Evolution from JIT to TorchDynamo

Comprehensive exploration of PyTorch's architectural evolution from 1.x TorchScript (JIT) to 2.x torch.compile (TorchDynamo), covering core mechanisms, design patterns, and practical applications with detailed code examples and comparative analysis.